Geophysical methods in geoscience and near surface geophysics
Schema della sezione
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in person
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56126 Pisa PI
20 January 202521 January 2025
22 January 2025
23 January 2025
20 (in person)
Azadeh Hojat (University of Kerman-Iran), Eusebio Stucchi (University of Pisa)
Learn the basic knowledge concerning the main geophysical methods used for near surface investigation and the physical principles which form the basis for each of these methods with some examples of applications.
The student will be able to evaluate autonomously the geophysical methodologies that can be applied for near surface surveys, knowing the advantages, the disadvantages and the limitations of each method and being able to justify the best method or combination of methods to be used for each specific study.
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- The meaning of inversion in applied geophysics
- Fourier transform and its possible applications
- Electrical Prospecting
- Ground Penetrating Radar
- Seismic Refraction
- Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)
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The meaning of inversion in applied geophysics: outline of inverse problems in geophysics; linear and nonlinear problems; the ill-conditioning of the inverse problem; example of linear regression solved as an inverse problem.
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Outline of the Fourier transform: Meaning of the Fourier transform and its possible applications
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Electrical Prospecting: Mechanisms of electrical conduction in rocks; Ohm's law, Archie's law; field generated by a point electrode on the surface of a homogeneous and isotropic half-space; electric quadripole and apparent resistivity; Electrode arrays; vertical electrical soundings; horizontal electrical soundings; electrical tomography; hints on interpretation; examples.
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Ground Penetrating Radar: Principles of operation of the GPR technique; electrical permittivity; reflection and transmission coefficients; directivity of antennas; spatial aliasing; radargram; velocity analysis in the GPR case; application examples (6 hours).
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Types of seismic sources, receivers and possible arrays. Vertical and horizontal resolution. Seismic Refraction: kinematics of refracted and reflected waves; dipping layer; reciprocal shots; plus-minus method. Examples and limitations of the method
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